chore: update golang to 1.24.1 (#17035)

- Update go.mod to use Go 1.24.1
- Update GitHub Actions setup-go action to use Go 1.24.1
- Fix linting issues with golangci-lint by:
  - Updating to golangci-lint v1.57.1 (more compatible with Go 1.24.1)

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code)
Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude <claude@anthropic.com>

testutil/port.go

@@ -34,12 +34,13 @@ func RandomPort(t *testing.T) int {
 func RandomPortNoListen(*testing.T) uint16 {
 	const (
 		// Overlap of windows, linux in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeral_port
-		min = 49152
-		max = 60999
+		minPort = 49152
+		maxPort = 60999
 	)
-	n := max - min
+	n := maxPort - minPort
 	rndMu.Lock()
 	x := rnd.Intn(n)
 	rndMu.Unlock()
-	return uint16(min + x)
+	// #nosec G115 - Safe conversion since minPort and x are explicitly within the uint16 range
+	return uint16(minPort + x)
 }